Metropolitan Community College Essay Example For Students

Physical And Mental Health Profile Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Physical And Mental Health Profile. Answer: Presentation The paper talks about the physical and psychological well-being profile of the customer Miss G for meeting and culmination of a Comprehensive Health History. She is an understudy low maintenance retail right hand lives in City Apartments, Wintec, Hanultan, New Zealand. She was conceived on 19 October 1997 and in a De Facto relationship. She experienced cheiloplasty, nasal fix, alveolar bone unite and fistula fix, tip rhinoplasty, toe fix, eardrum fix (tympanoplasty) and rhinoplasty. The paper likewise examines the motivation behind abstract information, the method of reasoning for the wellbeing history, customer's quality, and wellbeing dangers, the significance of customer instruction and wellbeing advancement and formative contemplations. Brief portrayal of customer The picked customer for the meeting is Miss G who is 19 years of age female. She is an understudy low maintenance retail partner and a New Zealand European with English capability and knows the Spanish and Maori language. Her relatives incorporate her mom, father, most seasoned sibling and more youthful sister. She experienced cheiloplasty, nasal fix, alveolar bone join and fistula fix, tip rhinoplasty, toe fix, eardrum fix (tympanoplasty) and rhinoplasty. Her general wellbeing is acceptable; be that as it may, has an emotional wellness history of gloom and interminable emotional episodes when her folks got separated. Reason for get-together emotional information Abstract information is a fundamental part of wellbeing evaluation of a customer that includes the assortment of data through viable correspondence (Reyes Rosso, 2012, p. 756). In this information, the patient gives data about the physical side effects and how one feels about it. This data assists with knowing the level of agony that the patient is experiencing like distress, tingling, torment or any anomalous sensations (Stumblingbear-Riddle Romans, 2012, p. 1). In the emotional information gave by Miss G gives data about her past stomach torment, psychological wellness status and sensitivities. The abstract information likewise contains the encounters like retching, hacking or strong fits (Forbes Watt, 2015, p. 175). In such sort of information, wellbeing convictions are additionally referenced that give data about their perspectives, convictions and discernments (Coulter, Locock, Ziebland, Calabrese, 2014, p. 348). Assortment of abstract information additionally envelops emotions, sensations, wants, convictions, thoughts, individual data, thoughts and qualities. This is imperative to think about the past clinical history for the right finding, plannursing objectives and create mediations as indicated by the abstract information gave by the patient (Crisp, Douglas, Rebeiro, Waters, 2016, p. 245). Method of reasoning for every segment of the wellbeing history The justification for getting past clinical history is significant as it contains snippets of data that help to think about the present and past wellbeing history of the customer (Cole Bird, 2013, p. 325). The analysis assists with giving data about the different parts of mental and physical wellbeing conditions like gloom, impediment, hypertension or other ailments (Jones, Jones, Del Campo, 2013, p. 115). The realized sensitivities likewise give data about the hypersensitivities to food, drugs or any honey bee sting and plan to maintain a strategic distance from those the customer is susceptible to. Past family ancestry, data up to three ages is essential to think about the earth, way of life and qualities (Thornton, 2013, p. 456). It provides us some insight of the ailments that are acquired in the family tree. The example of legacy additionally gives data about the examples of clutters and the hazard for building up that specific condition. Individual qualities, wellbeing convicti ons, social exercises and stress the board data is significant as these variables additionally influence the personal satisfaction and wellbeing results (Hareven, 2013, p. 305). Customers qualities identified with wellbeing and prosperity The customer individual quality is that she is devoted to her examination and work. She is a dedicated young lady, high family arranged, performing various tasks, seek after errand, and love to take difficulties. Her life esteems and individual convictions are her qualities that help her to lead an upbeat and fought life. She esteems regard a great deal and are constantly kind to others independent of the individual. She regard seniors, put them from the outset and accepts that they are experienced individuals and one generally continues gaining from them. As she is a persevering young lady, she accepts that it is the way to progress and extremely grateful to the Almighty. She accepts that instruction is the establishment for a fruitful life and one ought to never underestimate their life. This appraisal is important to stay away from any sort of contention with the customers individual convictions and expanded investment of the patient in the consideration plan and dynamic procedure . The customers dangers to wellbeing and prosperity In that capacity, Miss G has no hazard to her wellbeing and prosperity as she keeps up a sound way of life with appropriate rest and weight and dietary administration. Notwithstanding, she had a past mental history of constant emotional episodes and despondency. This occurred when her folks got separated. This represents a hazard to her wellbeing and prosperity as it has an unfavorable impact, as she is family arranged and regard seniors. She is reinforced with her family, and guardians partition adversely influenced her. Her introduction to the world mother has a headache that may go about as a hazard factor for her that influences her physical and emotional wellness status. What's more, her mom additionally experiences sorrow, post-horrendous pressure issue headache and hypotension. She is in danger as she would likewise build up any of these emotional well-being issue, as there are odds of legacy. She had experienced seven medical procedures that have disintegrated her personal sa tisfaction and prosperity. Her dad experiences elevated cholesterol that may likewise go about as a hazard factor, despite the fact that she drives a sound and dynamic way of life. The family ancestry of Miss G additionally proposes that downturn, high diabetes and emotional well-being issues run in the family that can be the greatest wellbeing hazard factor for Miss G. Wellbeing advancement/customer instruction Wellbeing advancement and customer instruction is significant for the patients to propel and urge them to look for good wellbeing that goes about as an alluring state by reception of sound practices (Srensen, et al., 2012, p. 80). Wellbeing advancement through the selection of sound ways of life and publicizing of solid practices help them to evade the unfortunate ways of life and social factors that may put one in danger. Customer training is indispensable as it gives data on the most proficient method to keep up great wellbeing. Customer training is a kind of educative methodology that has a protection target to assist customer with receiving solid conduct and keep up a sound way of life. Training gave to the customer by a human services proficient is a significant device for the administration of care plan, give deterrent gauge and advance great wellbeing for a quality living (Schulz Nakamoto, 2013, p. 5). Aside from wellbeing proficiency, wellbeing advancement is essential for the customer to empower that person to build power over the wellbeing and improve it and practicing command over the determinants of wellbeing. In the given wellbeing, history of Miss G, the customer instruction and wellbeing advancement is required in wording to enable her to have a typical existence after her past medical procedures. Customer instruction would assist her with having an improved comprehension of her ailments, deal with the different parts of her wellbeing and have self-promotion to act autonomously and increment her consistence and inspiration. At the point when she would be taught about her ailment, it would assist her with responding great to her treatment and care plan wit h less entanglement. Instructing Miss G would likewise assist with improving her wellbeing and adapt to her pressure and tension identified with her wellbeing condition. Formative contemplations Formative contemplations are significant as each individual has diverse ability to comprehend, fathom and incorporate the ideas of misfortune and division and physical irrevocability (Ng, et al., 2012, p. 340). As Miss G is a grown-up, she can acknowledge her states of being and the division of her folks. In any case, she is a family-situated individual and regard older folks, so it was hard for her to adapt up to her folks separation and partition. Because of this, she had discouragement and incessant emotional episodes as referenced in her psychological wellness history. This shows for her formative contemplations, it is imperative to give her passionate and psychosocial support so she can adapt up to the pressure and torment of her folks detachment. Advising can likewise be given to her as a piece of the formative thought and advance self-backing. End From the above conversation, it tends to be reasoned that she experienced a wellbeing screening comprising of STD and STI swab test as she detailed stomach dying. She was screened for ectopic pregnancy and ovarian sores. She has a hypersensitivity from honey bees and mosquitoes that cause growing in the tainted territories, moment unsteadiness, intense consuming and bothersome torment at the contaminated region. The reason for emotional information is to think about the past clinical history for the right determination, plannursing objectives and create mediations as indicated by the abstract information gave by the patient. The wellbeing layout is useful in expanding her command over her wellbeing and improves her condition. What's more, it is significant for the customer instruction and wellbeing advancement to assist her with having an ordinary existence. References Cole, S. A., Bird, J. (2013). The Medical Interview E-Book: The Three Function Approach. Elsevier Health Sciences. Coulter, A., Locock, L., Ziebland, S., Calabrese, J. (2014). Gathering information on quiet experience isn't sufficient: they should be utilized to improve care. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 348. Fresh, J., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., Waters, D. (2016).

How to Test Conformity With Your Own Experiment

How to Test Conformity With Your Own Experiment Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print How to Test Conformity With Your Own Psychology Experiment By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 skynesher / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand History Examples Ideas for Conducting an Experiment View All Back To Top A conformity experiment can be an interesting project idea if you need to perform some sort of experiment for a psychology class. Learn more about the psychology of conformity and explore some conformity experiment ideas that you might want to consider. History of the Conformity Experiment During the 1950s, psychologist Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments known as the Asch conformity experiments  that demonstrated the impact of social pressure on individual behavior.   In Aschs classic experiment, participants were told that they were in an experiment on vision. With a group of other people, they were asked to look at three lines of different lengths and determine which one was the longest. Participants were then placed with a group that they thought included other subjects in the study. In reality, the other individuals were actually confederates in the experiment. After a few trials where everyone stated the correct answer, the confederates all began choosing an incorrect answer. So how did the real participants respond when the other individuals in the group chose the wrong line as the correct response? When surrounded by other people citing the incorrect answer, 75% of the subjects gave an incorrect response to at least one of the line length questions. How do you think that you or your peers would react in a similar situation? If you are looking for a psychology experiment you can do for a class consider creating your own variation of the Asch conformity experiment.   Example of a Conformity Experiment One way to envision your own experiment is to consider some of the conformity experiments that have been performed in the past. Historical research as well as more recent variations can help you better determine how you might want to conduct your own experiment. Imagine this scenario: Youre in a math class, and the instructor asks a basic math question. What is 8 x 4? The teacher begins asking individual students in the room for the answer. You are surprised when the first student answers 27. Then the next student answers 27. And the next! When the teacher finally comes to you, do you trust your own math skills and say 32? Or do you go along with what the rest of the group seems to believe is the correct answer? Other Examples of Conformity Experiments One conformity experiment was performed on the TV show Candid Camera and involved a group of people on an elevator who all stood facing the rear of the elevator. Inevitably, everyone else who got on ended up also facing the rear so as not to stand out from the rest. One young man even turned repeatedly to every side along with the rest of the group and took off his hat when the others did. Other conformity experiments that have been performed include:Having a group of people stare up at a buildingPicketing with blank signs and pamphlets for no specific causeWhen one student leaves the classroom, the teacher has everyone else stand up when the student returns and sits down   Ideas for Conducting Your Own Conformity Experiment The following are just a few ideas of questions you could answer in your own psychology experiment: How does group size impact conformity? Try the experiment with different numbers of confederates, or helpers, to see how many other people must be present before a person starts conforming to the group.What effect does age have on conformity? Try the experiment with participants in different age groups to see if the results differ.What impact does gender have on conformity? Are women more likely to conform if the other participants are other women? Are men more likely to conform if the other participants are male? Try different variations to see what effect gender may have.How does the situation influence conformity? Are people more likely to conform in certain settings, such as a classroom, than they are in more natural, everyday settings? Run trials in different settings to see if there is a difference. For More Advice Performing a psychology experiment for class can be a bit intimidating. Before you begin, always talk about your experiment idea with your instructor and be sure that you have permission to carry out your project. In some cases, you will probably need to submit your idea for review beforehand in order to receive permission to experiment with human participants. 5 Important Steps for Conducting Psychology Experiments

Health Differences and Availability in Urban and Rural Areas

People throughout their lives hear about â€Å"city folks† and â€Å"country folks†. Whether it was that city people were snobby or country people were dumb, there have been biases against both. However, many people do not know the definition of urban and rural, nor do they know about how healthcare differentiates between the two. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of urban is â€Å"of, relating to, characteristic of, constituting a city. (Merriam-Webster). Rural is defined as â€Å"of or relating to the country.† (Merriam-Webster). There are 312,486,525 people living in America as of October 24, 2011 at 4:20p.m. (Unknown). Approximately 65 million Americans live where there are not enough primary care providers. (Herzer and†¦show more content†¦If the area or town was lucky enough to have a hospital around close by, it would not be equipped as well as an urban hospital would. They would not have the latest technology or equipment. There is also the difference of doctor’s offices. In urban doctor offices, because there are so many people coming and going and time is limited, people are treated as a patient, not as an individual person. They are rushed in and rushed right back out. But in a doctor’s office in a rural area, people are seen as a person before they are a patient. As stated in an article by Staiti A. J. Reschovsky, â€Å"Across multiple aspects of care delivered, rural physicians report greater ability to deliver quality care than urban physicians. Rural patients similarly express greater trust in their physicians and provide higher rating to their physician’s performance than their urban counterparts. (Reschovsky). Another difference in urban and rural health care is that there are higher death rates from unintentional injuries, suicide, and chronic pulmonary disease in rural areas. (Eberhardt and Pamuk). This is due to health care facilities not being well enough equipped or prepared when a life threatening emergency occurs. It is also due to having to travel to the nearest hospital or appropriate doctor’s office when injured or sick. If a person is hemorrhaging or injured really badly there is a very good chance theyShow MoreRelatedThe Leisure Time Of Adolescents1685 Words   |  7 PagesThis is the time when they start to gain a sense of self and begin a journey to find their interests and it is typically what teens will spend time doing. The focus to see how the area they live in, either rural or urban effects their lives and their leisure time. Findings Rural and urban areas have different availabilities for what there is to do when one has free time. One cannot go driving around on muddy trails on a four-wheeler in a city where an individual who lives in the country has more likelyRead MorePrevalence And Types Of Cancer Among Urban Rural Populations1395 Words   |  6 Pagesprevalence and types of cancer among urban-rural populations and their relation to socioeconomic status. Methodology: A cross sectional study carried out in three hospitals in Punjab named Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Nishtar hospital and civil hospital in Multan, Pakistan. All the new cases of cancers (all known types of cancer) were recorded during the months of August 2013 through February 2014. Details of age, sex, socioeconomic status, address whether rural or urban, stage, type of cancer and hemoglobinRead MoreThe Effects Of Raising Children On An Urban Environment1500 Words   |  6 PagesRaising Children in an Urban Environment versus Agrarian Environment Many parents ask themselves a question whether there is a difference in raising their children in urban or rural areas. And therefore, what are the advantages and disadvantages of rural and urban environment. The life quality is one of the major factors to consider while comparing rural and urban living. That is why the main task to be made when talking about advantages and disadvantages of urban versus rural life is evaluating suchRead MoreNational Healthcare Quality And Disparities Report 20141013 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber one (Davis, Stremikis, Squires, Schoen, 2014). A major problem is America is the health disparities that vary across the nation. Health disparities â€Å"refer to differences in access to or availability of facilities and services. Health status disparities refer to the variation in rates of disease occurrence and disabilities between socioeconomic and/or geographically defined population groups†(Health Care Disparities, 2009). Even though one RAND st udy suggests that virtually every demographicRead MoreRural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween urbanization, poverty and development; and use a case study to illustrate the effects of rapid urbanization in LDC’s. Rural-urban migration occurs at varying rates in every country. This paper focuses on the process of rural-urban migration and its influence on urbanization in developing countries. It presents arguments in support of the proposal that rural-urban migration is an inevitable component of the development process, and does not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts withRead MoreThe Effect of Rural-Urban Migration in South Africa Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesof rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa using Manova technique. INTRODUCTION This proposal is about the effect of rural-urban migration on the four districts of the North West province in South Africa. It entails the background of rural-urban migration as well as the statement of the problem, main objectives, other specific objectives, rationale, hypotheses, identification of variables, the theories of other people concerning the rural-urban migrationRead MoreA Brief Note On Cerebral Vascular Disease ( Cva )943 Words   |  4 Pagesall of the brain (Ischemia). Or bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage) that leads to brain cell damage or death. Resulting in loss or impairment of functions such as movement, emotions or sensations; depending on the affected area. The amount or severity of the loss depends on the area affected and the extent of the damage to the brain and its cells. According to Medical-Surgical Nursing ninth edition, stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. The leading cause of long-term disabilityRead MoreThe Role Of Diet A nd Weight In Reoccurrence Of Cancer788 Words   |  4 Pagescancer survivors. The objective it to show the differences in the relationship of diet and weight in urban versus rural cancer survivors. The method used was secondary analysis performed of baseline data from the Reach Out to Enhance Wellness (RENEW) trial (Miller, et al., 2012). The participants were overweight long-term survivors of cancers. The survivors completed a written screening and two 45-60 minute telephone interviews that covered their current health status, to include, diet, weight, smokingRead MoreVulnerability And Risk Of Poor Health3488 Words   |  14 PagesMore specifically, everyone is potentially at risk of poor physical, psychological, or social health. The word vulnerable is defined by the Merrian-Webster’s Dictionary as â€Å"capable of being physically wounded† or â€Å"open to attack or damage†. Commonly, the word vulnerability indicates one’s susceptibility to health p roblems, harm or neglect. Some however, maybe more or less susceptible or at risk of poor health at different times in their lives, while certain individuals and communities are more likelyRead MoreDifferences Between Urban and Rural Settlements1664 Words   |  7 PagesURBAN: †¢ The number of residents is increasingly more in an urban area. †¢ The density of human-established structures is high in the case of an urban area. †¢ Cities and towns constitute urban areas. †¢ It is interesting to note that natural resources and artificial resources develop rapidly in urban areas or in other words it can be said that the areas characterized by natural growth of resources flourish into urban areas. Urban areas are subjected to a process called urbanization. Vegetation and

The Significance of the Handkerchief in Othello by...

The handkerchief is significant to the plot, mainly to Iagos manipulation of Othello and his convincing the latter of Desdemonas infidelity. Moreover, it sheds light over Iago, Desdemona, Othello and Emilias characters, and is thus important to characterisation. The symbolic significance attached to the handkerchief reveals Othellos social background, his treatment of Desdemona and the latters feelings towards her husband. Interestingly, Othello provides two sides of the story of how he got the handkerchief. In his second account he says that his father gave the handkerchief to his mother as a sign of love when beforehand he states that it was actually an Egyptian woman who provided it to his mother. This interpretation reveals†¦show more content†¦The red strawberries , which Othello states were hand stitched, symbolises the blood of loss of virginity, so Othello perceives that Desdemona is chaste if she is in possession of the handkerchief. Once she loses it, she loses her chastity. With regards to plot, the handkerchief provides the sole ocular proof of Desdemonas unfaithfulnes, which infact triggers Othellos madness. The fact that Othello insists on gathering proof suggests that he is somewhat hopeful, Ill have some proof. It is worth noticing Desdemonas mistake in Act 3 Scene 4 when Othello demands to see the handkerchief, as she lies and says, It is not lost. This further convinces Othello of her infidelity. Moreover, it makes Emilia aware of Othellos jealous nature and she tries, unsuccessfully to warn Desdmona about her husbands insecurity, They are never jealous for the cause,/ But jealous for theyre jealous.; Iago further drives Othello into his raging madness by continously mentioning the handkerchief. The impact this leaves on him is evident in his repition of handkercief when Othello falls in a trance, Handkerchief-confessions-handkerchief? When Bianca walks in on Cassio and Iagos conversation, which Othello is spying on, she is holding t he handkerchief, which thus causes Othellos ravenous thirst for revenge. Thus, it plays an important part in leading to the tragedy of the Moor and to Desdemona;s death. In Act 5 Emilia revelas that she stole theShow MoreRelatedThe Symbolism Of Othello By William Shakespeare958 Words   |  4 Pagestreasure it as long as I live. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, the symbolism of Desdemona’s handkerchief is central to the play’s tragic dà ©nouement. The handkerchief serves a very important role in shaping the story to the way it is, it ultimately becomes the reason for Othello’s brutal murder of his wife, Desdemona. In addition, the handkerchief is shown as a symbol of â€Å"different things from various events in this play† (Othello). In the first, it is shown as a symbol of Othello’s token ofRead MoreOthello-Whose Fault Is It?973 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Whose fault is it?† Whose fault was it then? (Pause) Othello, the heroic Moore, yet he was way too jealous and over-trusting. Was it Desdemona? Sweet Desdemona of intelligence and innocence but also a deceiving and naà ¯ve woman who cannot adjust to the role of a 17th century woman. Or was it Iago; Malicious and sneaky Iago? We can go on about whose fault it is but I think it was both equally Othello and Desdemona’s fault. Together as a couple they lacked the understanding of marriage. They weren’tRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Othello1603 Words   |  7 PagesMAJOR WORKS REVIEW GENERAL 1. Title - Othello 2. Author - William Shakespeare 3. Date of Original Publication - 1622 4. Novel Type - Play STRUCTURE 1. Point of View - Iago 2. Relationship to meaning: The reader sees things the way that Iago sees them. This gives the reader an inside look on Iago’s evil plans, which also leads to a better understanding of all of the other characters, but Iago especially. The reader sees how Iago manipulates so many of the characters, like Roderigo and MontanoRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesmanipulative, cruel, or too faced towards you, they could be a villain. Although villains have poor qualities, they are very important to have in stories and movies. In most stories, if there isn’t a villain, the plot wouldn’t have meaning. In Othello by William Shakespeare, Iago is the villian present in the drama. He manipulates people into thinking things that aren t true. The way the author lets the reader know the plan behind Iago’s actions, but not the other characters, the irony that s present inRead MoreEssay about The Tragic Treatment of Women in Othello1 662 Words   |  7 PagesThe Tragic Treatment of Women in Othello In Shakespeares drama, Othello, there are many different relationships among the main characters. The way that Shakespeare portrays these relationships sets the stage for the pain and deceit that unfolds within the play. Relations between the men of the play, Othello, Roderigo, Iago, and Cassio, undoubtedly form the main theme. Furthermore, each of the men, except Roderigo, also has woman that stands behind and cares for him. But the manor in whichRead MoreDesdemona’s Handkerchief in Othello Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s play Othello, one of the main character’s Desdemona possesses the most essential symbol and object in the play, a handkerchief. The handkerchief appears in Act III of the play and is a particularly important part in the plot of the play. It helps weave the entire story together. The handkerchief symbolizes Othello’s love and trust to Desdemona and Desdemona’s marital fidelity to Othello. The first symbol of the handkerchief is Desdemona’s marital fidelity. In the play, Iago givesRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1076 Words   |  5 Pagesof Jealousy Harriet Williams delves into the waters of jealousy and deceit in Oliver Parker’s Othello. Adapting Shakespeare for the screen can be problematic, as Oliver Parker discovered with his 1995 directing debut, Othello. I sat down with Oliver Parker, to discuss the challenge of portraying the actions of a noble Moor who brutally sacrifices his beloved wife over a strategically placed handkerchief. The characterisation of Iago, whose evil maneuverings create an irrevocable wreckage out ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Othello 1131 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Othello by Shakespeare Shakespeare is known for his use of recurring themes throughout his work, including love, death and betrayal. These themes are present in his work of Othello. However, the most fundamental issue is jealousy. The lives of the characthers in Othello are ruined by jealousy from the beginning to the end of the play. The telling of the story is carried out by passion, jealousy, and death. Shakespeare’s Othello reveals devastating tragic inevitability, stunning psychologicalRead MoreTheme Of Jealousy In Othello1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mediterranean Sea of Jealousy Harriet Williams delves into the waters of jealousy and deceit in Oliver Parker’s Othello.Adapting Shakespeare for the screen can be problematic, as Oliver Parker discovered with his 1995 directing debut, Othello. Portraying the actions of a noble Moor who brutally sacrifices his beloved wife over a strategically placed handkerchief, or Justifying Iago, whose evil manoeuvrings create an irrevocable wreckage out of the lives of at least six people, all because he wasRead MoreThe Significance of the Handkerchief in Othello823 Words   |  4 Pagesfabric manifest so much havoc? In William Shakespeare’s Othello, there is great significance of a powerful symbol that completely alters the fate of the story. â€Å"In the case of the handkerchief, it stands for several things, things that cannot be seen† (Hacht 663). This symbol, the handkerchief, is given to Desdemona by Othello, as a token of his love, and to their new beginnings as husband and wife. However, the mean ing of the handkerchief is viewed differently in various characters perspectives

Big Money Lies in Spotting Collectibles to Sell on eBay Free Essays

If you’ve an eye for car booty, buy items cheaply at car boot sales, and sell them at a profit on eBay or other auction sites. Be sure to arrive early to beat other bargain hunters. The big money lies in spotting collectables to sell on, so research online first or (subtly) use your mobile phone’s web browser. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Money Lies in Spotting Collectibles to Sell on eBay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There’s a quick way to glean a product’s market value on eBay*. Fill in the search box and tick ‘completed items’ on the left-hand grey bar. It’ll come up with a list of prices similar auctions have already fetched. Then sort by â€Å"Price: lowest first†. If the price is red, it means no one bought it. Green means it sold. How much? The earning potential increases with your knowledge of rare items and collectable brands, and a little luck doesn’t go amiss either. If you’re in the right place at the right time, this could net you ElOOs extra a year. Find out more: Read other Moneysavers’ top suggestions or add yours in the Spot flog on eBay thread. More hints are in the eBay, Auctions, Car Boot Jumble Sales board. Sell unwanted gold for CASH! TV, mags and billboard ads pulse with promises, yet rarely seem to live up to them. Get cash for old goldHowever, amid the scrap are shining examples – meaning El 5 per 9ct stud earrings and E85 per 18ct gold ring is possible. How much? Do it the right way and, depending on how much bling you unearth, it’s possible to make Jaw-dropping sums, as Moneysaver Goochie did: â€Å"l sent off 32g of gold (old broken earrings and chains that I haven’t worn for 20+ years) and 35g of silver yesterday afternoon by special delivery (by 1 pm), and got 272! â€Å" How to cite Big Money Lies in Spotting Collectibles to Sell on eBay, Papers

Life is a Dream Analysis Essay Example

Life is a Dream Analysis Paper Baric lived during a period of Spain where Innovations in the fields of art and literature flourished ? el Sigil De ROR ? ushering In new ideas and thought processes that coincided with much of Western Europe In the 14th-17th centuries. His play Life Is a Dream Involves many complex themes (some of which were considered revolutionary at the time), but Its most prominent one is the plays function as an allegory to the concept of free will and predestination. Clarions fall dialogue after his sudden death from a gunshot wound in Act Ill reveals his attitude award free will. He claims it is useless against the force of destiny and that one will die if its Gods will that you die before falling off stage (Baric 82). However, he dies before a critical point in the play; right before Segundo ultimately fulfills the prophecy of having Basilicas beard at his feet, and then invalidating it by falling to submission at his feet and showing a willingness to forgive him. The closeness of these events occurring Is not merely Just coincidence, especially when linked with character analysis. Clarion In the story is typified as the gracious, or the foolish/clown character, the one that gets Into trouble (such as when he fooled the soldiers Into thinking he was Glissando). Glissando on the other hand Is the protagonist, and as an audience we are Inclined to sympathize with him through his struggle of Waking up in the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Life is a Dream Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Life is a Dream Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Life is a Dream Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is quite tragic (and ironic) that Clarion dies with such fleeting words right before he can see Segundo dismiss them. With this into light, it seems that Baric is undermining the concept of predestination by associating it with owlish characters (King Basilica, Clarion) and free will with strong characters that the audience can associate with (Segundo). This conclusion makes even more sense in the pretext of when and where Life is a Dream was published. Spain in 1 636 was a nation still deeply rooted in Catholicism at a time when the rest of Europe surged with the Reformation movement over a century ago, and Baric creating a play where the protagonist rights himself through his own deeds In the end, thus predestining him to a good life, Is a Catholic dogma. In stark contrast is the Protestant Calvinist standpoint where God wills who he predestines regardless of a persons merits ? because their life has already been determined ? much like Clarions sentiment in his closing dialogue (McLaughlin). Free will is further explored in other parts of the play. King Basils conclusion in Act I that his son would turn evil and kill him because the sun Was fiercely entering a Joust with the moon during Smudginess birth is reminiscent of medieval superstitions of such occurrences bringing about misfortune (18). Smudginess triumph over the hysterics of his predestined fate is based on his perspective that life is like a dream in that it passes by Just as ephemerally, and thus it should be lived with the good In mind.

Interesting structure The crucible Essays

Interesting structure The crucible Essays Interesting structure The crucible Paper Interesting structure The crucible Paper Essay Topic: Interesting The crucible has a very interesting structure, as in it doesnt follow many of the usual rules of play writing and uses it to maximum effect. The play consists of four acts and no scenes to separate them. This is unusual for a play write to do because it limits the acts location two one place, meaning that the story can not develop in a different place or time which can limit what someone can do with the plot The whole of the play is a subtext for what was going on at the time in 1940s America. To more precise what was happening with the red scare and general Joseph McCarthy. General McCarthy was behind the fight against communism within America. In the end he decided to start broadcasting to America a list of communists living in America at the time. Of course no such list existed and it was obviously just the names of random people living America that had nothing to do with communism in any way what so ever. This however caused mass hysteria and turned an entire nation against itself and pitted friends and neighbours against each other as everyone hunted for the communists like a mad witch hunt. Arthur Miller was using the subtext to show how obsurd the idea of mass hysteria based on a lie really was. The main thing that distinguishes the plays structure from others is the way in which it ends on an anti climax. As we can see in the graph the first three acts build up to a gigantic climax. But then suddenly the audience is left with a very short and depressing act four in which nothing much happens in terms of climax. On might interpret this as the play wrights way of getting across his message about McCarthyism. If people were left with a happy ending the audience may not have been so shocked by the play that it would make them think because everything turned out ok in the end and wouldnt have communicated the shocking truth about McCarthyism at the time. I believe that having the play leave on an anticlimax and pretty much on a down communicates the views a lot clearer During The Crucible pace is used as a technique to creating tension. Throughout Act 1, the action is immediate and there is a constant flow of different people being introduced. By placing this within a small room, Miller gives the feeling of the characters being suffocated and a lack of privacy in the village. By using this with Act 2 (for the first half there is only Elizabeth and John), Miller is able to create tension through the amount of space in the set, in comparison to the previous act, and through a slower dialogue. During The Crucible pace is used as a technique to creating tension. Throughout Act 1, the action is immediate and there is a constant flow of different people being introduced. By placing this within a small room, Miller gives the feeling of the characters being suffocated and a lack of privacy in the village. By using this with Act 2 (for the first half there is only Elizabeth and John), Miller is able to create tension through the amount of space in the set, in comparison to the previous act, and through a slower dialogue. Miller structures the play using prevalent techniques. There is a clear exposition at the beginning of Act 1, although it occurred off scene, the girls dance in the forest. The different themes are developed and the use of the rising of action through the accusations helps the plot to grow up to a gigantic climax when John Proctor is accused at the end of Act 3. The falling action and denouement is the actual execution where John Proctor upholds his innocence and goes to the gallows at the end of Act 4. Miller uses these techniques to help create conflict to arouse the interest of the audience and an easy structure for the audience to follow. Arthur Miller uses inserted passages within the text in which he comments on the background of the story or the characters which helps the audience to get a deeper insight into the characters so they can be related to. For example, The backgrounds to Thomas Putnam makes his actions seem more horrendous which ultimately the final result of the play seem more brutal.

Crucial Features of DBQ Essays

Crucial Features of DBQ Essays You may think that writing a DBQ essay is a very difficult task but it only looks so scary. If you want to pass the AP exam, you must know what you’ll be going through. As soon as you learn more about DBQ essays, you will realize that you certainly can deal with it. DBQ, which stands for Document Based Question, is a type of essay that is often required for AP exams as well as for history exams both in the US and Europe. Being a â€Å"document-based question,† this essay implies several underlying documents on a certain subject. Your task is to consider the relationship between these documents, tendencies that appear in documents during some period of time, and other details. In addition, you cannot just describe these features of documents. You need to provide an accurate analysis of sources. DBQ essays are also somewhat similar to cause and effect essays because you need to explain the flow of events and relationships between them. Many students are confused by the fact that DBQ essays are quite different from free-response essays, while in fact there’s nothing special about this task. Check our useful guide and write your DBQ essay following simple steps. How to Write a DBQ Essay If you want to write a good DBQ essay, there are only two things you must know. First of all, you must be able to plan your work properly. If you plan your work in advance, you can be more confident and use advanced methods of writing. In addition, you will easily cope with your AP exam if you practice a lot. Follow our advice and work on your writing skills! Usually, you have only 55 minutes to complete the DBQ essay for the AP exam. Sometimes this limit may vary but, most often, you have 15 minutes to read all necessary materials and 40 minutes to write your paper. However, 15 minutes of reading means that you must also spend some time on understanding your question, generating ideas for the essay and processing new information. You may want to start writing earlier but even if you have a couple free minutes, we suggest taking your time and planning the structure of your essay. Time management is especially important, since the essay isn’t the only task of the AP exam. Read your question. Not only should you read it, but you also must understand it. Note some important data that may be useful when writing the essay. Jot down facts that you must mention and underline your key tasks. After this, quickly write a few thoughts related to the question. You don’t have time for proper brainstorming so make sure to use a couple minutes that you have. Analyze documents effectively. You may need to work with many different documents and you will need to provide a good analysis. We suggest considering it an opportunity rather than a challenge, because a proper analysis also provides you with necessary evidence for supporting your ideas. There are many kinds of documents that can be used in AP exams, such as speeches, letters, legislative documents, maps, articles, and even pictures. Sometimes you must analyze some classic documents that you certainly have heard of, though they will not sound familiar to you. First of all, pay your attention to the author of the document and to the time when it was published. Jot down key ideas of this text. After noting important points, get to the questions about this document. Don’t forget to write notes ? this is how you save your time because otherwise you will need to return to certain parts of your sources and re-read them. Ask yourself a couple additional questions, for example, can these documents be divided into some groups? What are they based on? Develop your thesis statement. Make a draft of your thesis statement and draw up an outline for your essay. If you already know something interesting about the topic of your task, this information may also be useful in the future. Think about the structure of your essay, and make it so that every paragraph of the essay will consider a particular idea. Write an essay. Your goal is to write a meaningful text based on a strong thesis. Each paragraph must provide examples and facts related to your question. You also need a conclusion, however, let’s take a look at the whole writing process from the beginning. An introduction of a DBQ essay is no different from this of any other essay. You must introduce your topic, provide your readers with necessary background information on this subject, briefly describe your main points, and come up with a thesis statement. Try to focus on the purpose of your paper. A body section includes one or several paragraphs, each one of which focuses on one idea and supports it with evidence. Start every paragraph with a topic sentence so that it will reflect the overall structure of the essay. If you have divided your documents into several groups, you can devote every paragraph to a certain group of sources. Include more documents so that you will have more evidence for your arguments. You should not just describe documents, in fact, it is the worst thing you can do. Make proper references and include parts of sources in your essay. On the other hand, always make sure that all documents that you include are directly related to your thesis statement. The conclusion is aimed to remind your readers the purpose of the essay and provide them with a concise summary of everything written before. Another important feature of the conclusion is that it can address more global issues. We suggest taking this opportunity to make your paper more meaningful. Ask yourself, why is this topic so important? Think about it in a global context. If you realize that you’re running out of time, write at least one concluding sentence. It’s much better to conclude your essay briefly than if you don’t conclude it at all. Proofread your essay. We know that 55 minutes is not enough time for proper proofreading but we suggest doing this. Plan at least a few minutes to read your essay, to fix all mistakes, and to check such specific details as places, dates, and names. Tips on Writing DBQ Essays Make sure that you understand the question well, as your main goal is to answer it correctly. Unless your assignment has such requirements, don’t dig into the historical background. When mentioning documents in text, don’t refer to them as â€Å"document 1† or â€Å"document 2.† Instead, write the whole title of a source. You may or may not be allowed to use quotes in your essay, however, DBQ essays often benefit from citations because you can clarify what source you are talking about. Anyway, don’t forget to write your quotes according to a required format. Check the paragraph structure and make sure that all your thoughts are presented in a logical order. Keep in mind that sometimes, there’s no right answer to the topic question. Thus, you are allowed to consider any points that you can support with evidence. In order to increase the credit for your paper, you can use outside information. Don’t get too emotional about your exam and don’t panic! To feel confident on the exam, learn more about it, read examples of DBQ essays on the internet, and prepare. Don’t forget that your readers can be too limited in time to consider your essay in details. Thus, it’s important to create a good overall picture of your work. On the other hand, it doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t work on details. DBQ essays often focus on such issues as art, science, and religion. Therefore, we suggest getting acquainted with methods of writing historical essays. The most important thing about writing DBQ essays is to stay calm. Sometimes students spend a lot of time preparing but fail their exams just because they panic. Even if you think that this task is hard, it doesn’t mean that it’s impossible to complete. Thus, just focus on your goal and prepare for your DBQ exam in advance.

Position Arguments on Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Position Arguments on Immigration - Essay Example en (160) points out some of these central immigration setbacks such as political tussles and dissension, multiplex wide contradictory state standpoints which have resulted in subsidized final U.S.A immigration procedures (161). Steve points out that vast attempts by the developing nations to combat immigration via coming up with new rules has flopped. Tim Johnson (163) proclaims in his Free Trade: As U.S.A Corn Flows South, Mexicans Stop Farming that free trade standpoint is not the perfect option in curbing immigration since controlled by vast firms (and bureaus) and managed by global associates such as the International Monetary Fund altogether with North America Free Trade Agreement which as a result has led to disparity and inconsistencies among the Latin American states overall financial systems (164). Brandon Hill (168) in Tennessee Daily Life points out that this financial recession came about after vast agribusiness agencies purchased large territories of Mexican cultivation lands and hence compelling the poverty-stricken inhabitants to shift and resettle. The unsettled poverty-stricken individuals result to seeking refuge from advanced states inclusive of the United States of America. Samuel P. Huntington (169) in his The Special Case of Mexican Immigration asserts that it is prerequisite to differentiate between settlers and immigrants, quoting that immigrants transverse between one or several societies (or communities for that matter). Huntington shows concern over the unwon immigrant’s battle. He points outs that, if for instance, the immigrants were issued with documents of residents after every ten years since 19th century; almost 1% of the emigration menace would have been cleared each succeeding year (170). In addition, David L. Altheide (180) in his The Arizona Syndrome: Propaganda and the Politics of Fear proclaims that fear has largely constituted into the contemporary erroneous statistics in the mass media concerning the illicit emigrants

DIVORCE AND CHILDREN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DIVORCE AND CHILDREN - Essay Example Divorce is already commonplace in the United States. This is the case across all relevant demographics: regardless of the social class, age, religion and ethnic membership, divorce is prevalent. For example, recent estimates reveal that between 40 percent and 50 percent of recent first marriages are likely to end in divorce (Lamanna and Riedmann, 474). Statistics also paint a grim scenario. In 2009, the Census Bureau reported that the marriage rate in America is 7.5 marriages per 1000 people and the divorce rate is 3.6 per 1000 people (Andersen and Taylor, p.326). The high incidence of divorce highlights the degree of impact on all parties involved as well as the society in general. Because the experience involved is recognized as painful and difficult. The adults – the husband and wife – undergoing this process encounter tremendous stress and pressure. An expert on the subject explained that this is a commonality across all divorcing partners. The story, wrote Antunes, often went like this: After months or sometimes years of discussions, hurtful arguments, destructive behavior, indifference, tears, betrayals, false hopes, starting over, forgiving, counseling, praying and doing everything we can think of in order to â€Å"fix† our marriages, we arrived at the Crushing yet defining moment when we knew our relationships were over (ix). If the process is an ordeal for the husband and wife, one can only imagine the toll it will claim on their children. As depicted in the above account, divorce seemed like a battle and children are most assuredly caught in the crossfire. This is one of the most compelling reasons why divorce can be considered bad. It adversely affects the hapless children. Adverse Effects on Children It is common sense to claim that there are only rare cases when children do not feel sad about their parents’ divorce. The fact is that they are often torn by conflicting loyalties: who should they side with in the conflict? In addition, feelings of fear, loss and anger are also common, along with desires for reconciliation (Andersen and Taylor, 327). The psychological impact of losing parents to this process is significant. In the short term, children experience feelings of confusion as well as the feeling of being betrayed as they helplessly witness how their family unravel and torn apart before their eyes (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 106). Also, as their parents tangle between themselves and embroiled in their own troubles, children are also in danger of being neglected. Because of these variables, children’s lives are negatively affected in the long term. For instance, a study revealed that 70 percent of children living with divorced parents had lower levels of well-being in comparison with children raised in intact families (Clarke-Stewart and Brentano, 106). In addition, these children can also display violent and antisocial behaviors especially when the divorce is typified by high conflict. Poor performance in school and poor adjustment skills are also accepted outcomes especially when research indicates that families on the verge of breakup have been found to be typified by â€Å"less intimate interparental and parent-child relationships, less parental commitment to children’s education, and fewer economic and human resources, resulting in more academi c, psychological and behavioral problems† (Goldstein, 197). So, all in all, the process for divorce is a crisis for children. This is critical because there are just numerous variables involved and that these tend to accumulate, leading to a much bigger problem, amplifying the estimated severity and pathology of psychological and emotional disturbance, changing the children’s behavior and character in the process. It is important to note that children are created by society. Morton explained this circumstance when he argued that â€Å"children are assigned to social groups by lottery† and that â€Å"once they are in a group, they remain there for life†. These arguments are aligned with the philosophical school

penning a legacy :: essays research papers

Penning a Legacy is a significant title because the article speaks about William Penn and the lasting legacy of him and the colony that he had started. He is a legacy because he stood up for what he believed in even when he was imprisoned. He started a government from scratch in his colony, which was named after his father. In his colony all faiths were looked at as equal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this article William Penn is looked at as a legend. He was born on October 14, 1644. His father was an Admiral who was close friends with King Charles II. The King constantly borrowed money from the Admiral. Penn was kicked out of Oxford then sent by his father to Paris to study abroad. When Penn returned he had adopted the lifestyle of a Quaker. He believed that every man was equal. Being well educated and smarter then most he began to write pamphlets and publish them. Penn was ridiculed in the pamphlet, which in turn started verbal attacks. This led to Penn’s incarceration. He was imprisoned in a tower for nine months. Threatened by life in prison, Penn refused to back down. He was released from jail due to his father’s connection to the King. In 1672 Penn married Gulielma Springett and had seven children. In the 1670’s Penn switched his attention to the New World.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Penn’s father died without ever collecting the debt owed to him from the king. In 1680 Penn asked the King for a piece of land in the New World in exchange for a settled debt. The King agreed and named the piece of land Pennsylvania. After Penn moved there he had the unsettling task of establishing a government. He mandated his own constitution having freedom of religion, voting rights, and penal reform. When arriving in the new land, Penn made a treaty with the Indians wishing to live in harmony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After living on the land for two years Penn ran into trouble with neighboring colony Maryland, and retreated back to England. Upon returning home Penn came to the conclusion that his financial advisor defrauded him, therefore leaving Penn with serious debt. At age 63 Penn was imprisoned again in debtor’s prison.

Software Engineering – Payroll System

Introduction Information System is processing of information received and transmitted to produce an efficient and effective process. One of the most typical information systems is the Transaction Processing System. Transaction Processing System collects, stores, modifies, and retrieves the transactions of a certain organization. The process of retrieving, modifying and transmitting data to be stored using information system is referred to as transaction. Transactions occur is known to be a part of records. All of these records were originally kept in paper. When a certain organization uses a certain transaction processing system, retrieving and transmitting of information will be available at anytime needed. The number and volume of transactions can be calculated for a given time period. Payroll System is complete Payroll  software  right from Employees Personal Information, Pay Structure, Loans, Reimbursement, Pay Slip Generation & Printing, Salary Register, P. F. , E. S. I. , Profession Tax, Income Tax, and L. I. C. Reports etc. Added to the above reports, standard formats for annual submissions of PF, E. S. I. , and P. T. are also generated automatically. This  software  can be used by Industrial units, Distribution Agencies, Departmental Stores, Consultants, Business Houses and Contractors Etc. The developers of the  package  follow a predefined pattern so that the user has the ease of use and can utilize the  package  to its fullest extent. Care has been taken so that the  software  is as much user friendly as possible and any suggestions on improvements in this regard are welcome. The use of this  package  is a must for  personnel  departments in various Industrial houses since it will help in reducing monotonous manual labour and produce accurate results for salary and related calculations. Payroll System with Time keeping and Fingerprint refers to the records – paper or electronic – and calculations that you make to work out your employees' pay and deductions under the PAYE (Pay As You Earn) system. It's essential to a business or company that you pay your employees the right amount and on time – and that you make the correct deductions. So keeping accurate payroll records is really important. Now a day, Manual System is replaced into more advance and modern technology, just like the Manual Payroll System where the accountant, computes or process employees salaries through calculator. The way of saving files and important documents are only filed in filing cabinets that may cause loss of files when large amount of data are being received. In addition, it is not secured. And in fact, most accountant, uses same software of Microsoft office especially MS Excel. And with the use of this proposed system, a new and more advance Payroll System may be produced which can provide data security, prevent loss of data and redundancy and easier to access, accurate and faster to use. ABSTRACT Project Objectives The Software engineering course that we took this semester placed emphasis on the paradigm of extreme Programming (XP) techniques. Extreme programming is a programming technique that bases its values on simplicity, communication, feedback and courage. It encourages team work and constant communication with the client. The objective of this project is to put into practice the teachings that we have learnt about XP. Approach When we were first given this project, we met to determine how we were to carry out the task assigned to us. We drew up a time-line, discussed about the programming language to use to carry out the task, how the GUI would look like and also to make sure that we understood what was assigned to us. We finally settled for Visual Basic (VB) as our programming language. We got more information on what we were to do and set about completing our task, making use of the new ideas taught in class, and especially spikes. Achievement Our task was to develop a payroll system that would keep a record of employee data including their pension plan, union membership status, and taxes and also to be able to calculate the pay of the employees taking into consideration employee data. We have been able to achieve these task. The software we developed calculates the employee net pay from the deductions. The pay slip can be printed out as a receipt. Most of the bugs that we found and those that the clients and beta users found have been corrected. Any new bugs found will also be corrected and the software will be updated and released. Because we used object-oriented principles, modifying the software to fix bugs or add a new feature has been relatively easy. The Company name We believe that consistent quality results can be achieved only if the organization is â€Å"process† driven. Therefore, we have designed a standard process which needs to be followed by our development group for each project/product. A process audit is carried out by the quality department, and any deviations from the standard process are reported. We keep enhancing our process depending upon the suggestions of our defect prevention board, and the Following is the snapshot of our standard software development process: Related Document| COMPANY NAME Software Development Life Cycle| Requirement Specifications| Step 1: Requirement Analysis:   This is perhaps the most important step in the entire cycle. If the requirements are understood well and documented clearly, then the implementation becomes much smoother and less amount of re-work is required in the software. Functional Specifications| Step 2: Functional Documentation: After the requirements are known, we make â€Å"Functional Specifications† which mainly consists of specifications of the user interface and the reports. These are given to the client, to give him the knowledge of how the system would function to meet his requirements. The comments of the client are addressed and then this document forms the basis of Software Design. | Design Specifications| Step 3: S oftware Design: Once the functionality is frozen, the software is then designed to implement the same. A design specifications document is created which describes the overall software architecture and the components included in the same. The Design Specification also divides the system into smaller components (modules) which we can be treated as individual units. | Program Specifications| Step 4: Module Specifications: After the Design is finalized, program specifications are prepared for each independent unit identified in the Design. The development of modules is carried out on basis of these program specifications. |   | Step 5: Unit Development: Each module is developed on the basis of program specifications. The software developed is reviewed by peer as well as by SQA. | Unit Test Plan| Step 6: Unit Testing Each unit developed is then tested independently. Stubs are used wherever there is integration required with other units. The unit is first tested by the developer, and then an Independent unit testing is carried out to flush out unit level errors. |   | Step 7: System Integration Once all the units are developed, the system is then integrated together by the integration team. | System Test Plan| Step 8: Integration Testing This is the last step before the software is released to the user. The integrated system is tested on basis of system integration test plan to see whether it meets all the requirements of the system. The integration testing is first carried out by development group and then carried out by the SQA. The system is released only when it gets satisfactory quality rating by the SQA. | UAT plan| Step 9: User Acceptance Test Once the software is released, a user acceptance test is carried out in the production environment. The system is put into production when the user is satisfied with the results of user acceptance test. | Payroll System  Our Payroll System is specific to Philippine setting. It has a fully integrated attendance leave credit monitoring, benefits & compensation management. It has an open-ended employee number capacity. It is ready for integration with any timekeeping device(s) or software. Its robust database capability can process large records with ease. TimeKeeping and Fingerprint System  Ã‚  The Timekeeping System works as the Bundy-clock component of the payroll system. The list of employees is imported from the payroll software. There is no need for an employee list encoding! The package includes a biometric Finger Print Recognition Device. The initial list of mployees is imported from the payroll software. It is just a simple â€Å"click† on the interface button. * Simple Interface with Photo Display upon Finger Print Recognition. * Intelligent Finger Print In & Out Recognition, right on the spot for real-time verification of employees. * Fully Supported and Seamless Inter – connectivity with the PayrollPro. * Customized reports and fine-tuning is guaranteed for specific attendance-related company-policies. Statement of the Problem   In any company, it is very important to monitor the employee’s attendance or time for accurate payroll and discipline. Some companies and schools are using manual punch card to record the employee’s attendance while others are still using logbook. Traditionally, such information would be gathered on a site by site basis and transmitted by either manual or electronic means, to a central point where payroll would then be processed and other reports prepared. Oftentimes, the information was outdated by the time it arrived, delaying payroll preparation and requiring numerous employees to complete just that one task. Based on observation, Universidad de Manila is currently using the punch card machine and log book for time and attendance data tracking. But these systems are inaccurate and are less secured. These also have the following time keeping problems: 1. Lost card/ logbook – Misplacement by the time keeper. – Pages of logbook are crumpled and torn apart. 2. Buddy punching -Proxy attendance for others 3. Manual encoding of attendance to payroll programs and other frauds. | General Problem: i. How to develop an upgrade payroll system that can help the employee’s to lessen their effort and consuming of time when they using it? Specific Problem: i. What are the Benefits of Payroll System? An automated payroll system helps the company to manage its payroll processes more effectively. As an organization expands, the operations can be more challenging. The company hires new employees, promotes current ones to new positions, and terminates others. It's hard for a payroll employee or department to keep track of all these changes by hand. An automated payroll system solves these problems because it captures and stores new hire information and processes payroll quickly and accurately especially we will upgrade their current system to a new one which is much easier to access data. ii. How the Fingerprints help the employees to lessen the time they consume before? Well Fingerprints help solve mysteries and crimes and such is because a fingerprint is unique because you’re the only one who has that pattern such as cuts, curves, and swirls. But now we will use Fingerprint as Time in and Time out to lessen the waste of time of an employee. They just need to touch the biometric and that is so easy than the previous system they use. Current State of Technology In a company, payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for working for a period of time. Payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and they are subject to laws and regulations. The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct allowances and deductions, and to ensure the allowances and deductions are paid in a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions. Pens and big notebook are usually used in logbook system. Employees will simply write down their names, time they log-in and signatures as their attendance. When the time of work is done or employees had to leave from their work because of an emergency, they will just write the time-out for completing their attendance for the day. While in punch card machine, the employees simply insert the time card or punch card into a slot on the Bundy clock. When the time card hit a contact at the rear of the slot of the clock, the machine could print day and time information on the card. Using this, employees can easily do the proxy attendance for others. Especially when you will need to calculate manually the taxes, insurance and any other applicable deductions and allowances in addition to each employee's actual earnings. The advantage of using their manual system is that it is very inexpensive, with virtually no start-up costs and the disadvantage of it is that whatever you save on start-up costs will probably be eaten up by the amount of time it takes to process payroll. In addition, it's very easy to make mistakes when processing payroll manually, and the penalty for mistakes, especially mistakes in taxing, can be very costly. Project Rational The study focuses on the Automated Payroll System that will help the company to have an accurate system that will lessen the waste of time when they use this system. This study will be the one source to improve the Technical knowledge in system in software engineering. This study will be a great foot step to practicing their ability in making an automated system and to their knowledge in programming. The computerized payroll software systems save time and money, they're very easy to use and they're also very practical. Especially for the employee, Computerized payroll systems are much faster and easier compared to the manual processing also quick and accurate it will be easy for Time In and Time Out and also it lessen the work load of the Accountant specifically when preparing the summary of their report and the computation of monthly deduction and net salary. General Objective Specific Objective: An objective of our proposed system is to develop a system that will eliminate the problem of insufficient and incomplete information. This proposed system will contain a different flow in calculating the salary, eduction and etc. that will eliminate the error. and also we provide a fingerprint to make a sufficient process when making a Login and Logout. To develop a payroll system that has a fingerprint technology we provide a fingerprint to make a sufficient process when making a Time in and Time out and it will be much faster and less of time for the employee and to the accountant. She don’t nee d to encode it in a spreadsheet because, it’s connected to the payroll so it become easy for the accountant. Computerized Payroll System File Maintenance The system provides the following: Employee File The employee file program is used to add, change view or delete employees’ data. Position Deduction File This program is used to maintain employee deduction records. Note: only employees who have adjustments, misc. earnings, or misc. deductions should have a deduction record. Deduction records that do not have a corresponding employee record will be automatically purged by the calculate payroll pre-processing program. Scope and Limitation After several interviews and observations, the researchers have come to identify how the payroll works. The aim of the research is to provide a specific COMPANY, a computerized payroll system. The proposed system will guide the employer through all the stages of the process. SCOPE The  System  is designed for the enhancement or development of Computerized Payroll System for COMPANY. It includes the features that can Add Employees record, Edit Employees information, Delete Employees record, print / Save the Pay Slip of each employee and Updating Employees information as well as the Weekly Salary, Cash advance, the rate per day, overtime, Gross payment, Net pay, and Deduction such as withholding tax and SSS, adding up with a log-in log-out process for security purpose. Moreover, with help file can be used by the users to know how to use the payroll software. Special Features Time Card Entry (Daily Entry or Summary Entry per Payroll Period) Automated computation of withholding tax * (weekly/ semi / monthly/ year-end) * Automatic computation of SSS/ PhilHealth and PagIbig Premiums * Infinite slots for user definable other income and deductions * Loan handling module for SSS, PagIbig and your very own company vales which effectively keeps track of each balances * Printing of Pay Slips and Payroll Register Report generation for SSS, PhilHealth, PagIbig ; withholding tax (monthly ; quarterly reports) * Automatic year-end recap of withholding LIMITATIONS On the other hand, this study limits only to the proposed enhancement Computerized Payroll System of the COMPANY. A proposed system which can only be access by authorized person. It does not support network topology implementation, online program or online transaction.

My Rationale For Seeking Specialization - 1620 Words

My Rationale for Seeking Specialization in a Clinical Counseling-Related Program A licensed marriage family counselor approach to counseling is to view the family as a unit. Whether servicing a family or an individual a counselor is a person that is gives clients guidance of personal, social, or psychological problems they are experiencing. Counselors facilitate learning and skill development with clients to reduce any disturbing symptoms. With the world around us constantly evolving, counselors are ethically responsible and expected by our affiliated licensing association to continue seeking knowledge over the duration of a professional career. This expectation is to ensure we are always abreast of new techniques, as well as, changes within the profession that can aide in maintaining both ethical and positive therapeutic relationships. My natural progression of life has fueled my desire to become a Licensed Marriage and Family counselor. Throughout the trials and tribulations of my life I have been fortunate enough to have passionate, and purposeful people around me. I have worked in many diverse settings with the common thread being my involvement in human services. My experience in diverse settings has aided me in developing the skill needed to be considered a good communicator and active listener. In my current position as a qualified mental health associate I provide in-depth assessments to youth/families, maintain and complete all paperwork within designatedShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Goals to License Track Counseling Program895 Words   |  4 Pageswhy I am seeking a specialization in a license track counseling program. I t will address how I will do my best to obtain experience through volunteer work. I will discuss in detail part of my life experience as well as my interpersonal skills that made an impact on my decision to become a Mental Health Counselor. In addition, I will also explain in details the license requirement that I will need to practice in the state of Florida. This is the state where I want to practice. 1. Rationale for seekingRead MoreExtended Goal Statement Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesExtended Goal Statement I sat in my child development class in a â€Å"brick and mortar† classroom setting. What was I doing there? I was extremely interested in what the professor was speaking on and what was being discussed. However, I was beginning to doubt whether I wanted to continue in my current field of study, Speech/Language Pathology. I no longer felt I was being fulfilled. There was something lacking. I talked to a few of my friends who mentioned how much money I would makeRead MoreGoal Statement for Capella University Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesApplication for Clinical Graduate Degree in Counseling By: Rosalind Sims Rationale for Seeking Specialization in a Clinical Counseling-Related Program I would like to pursue counseling as my career and become a successful leader in the field. I have always had a passion to assist people in emotional distress. As a qualified professional in the counseling field, I would be able to identify their problems as well as offer them the most appropriate solutions that may help them deal with theirRead MorePostpartum Depression And Its Effect On Child Development1500 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Specialization My area of specialization is maternal postpartum depression and its effect on child development. It s a well-documented fact that postpartum depression affects not only the patient but other family members including the children. Client Agency The clients in this intervention will be women who have recently given birth. The intervention would occur at a hospital or medical setting during the six week check-up. The clients that would participate in this intervention would beRead MoreEssay about Reaching My Students Through Real World Experiences2039 Words   |  9 PagesReaching My Students Through Real World Experiences High school teachers face the challenge of preparing their students for the real world. Students need real world preparation, not just acumen. Reaching my students involves building encouraging relationships and a sense of security within the classroom. Sharing my personal experiences, as well as the testimonies of others, can be an effective motivational tool for preparing college-bound students for the real world. My role as a teacher involvesRead MoreMaseno Youth Polytechnics Curriculum in Kenya10796 Words   |  44 PagesMaster of Philosophy Degree in Curriculum Development: Department of Curriculum Instructional and Educational Media, School Of Education; Moi University. AUGUST 2010 ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to establish the extend to which Tyler rationale (1949) theory of curriculum development is observed in the curriculum offering at a special institution in a course in the study of Master of Philosophy Degree in Curriculum Development in this case Maseno youth polytechnic selected purposively andRead MoreAnalysis Paper: the Philosophical Foundation on the K-12 Program2400 Words   |  10 Pagesyears of elementary education (Grades 1 to 6), 4 years of junior high school (Grades 7 to 10) and an additional 2 years for senior high school (Grades 11 and 12). To simply put, the K+12 is the simplified K+6+4+2. The following is the rationale of the K-12 Program: 1. Enhancing the quality of basic education in the Philippines is urgent and critical. 2. The poor quality of basic education is reflected in the low achievement scores of Filipino students. 3. InternationalRead MoreTracer Study19735 Words   |  79 PagesI hereby declare that this dissertation is my own previously for any degree in any University. wor~ and has not been submitted ~~ PRAMRATHAN , . CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS DECLARATION CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES APPENDICES BIBLIOGRAPHY I n IV V VI VIII IX 69 CHAPTER 1 : OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY - WHERE DO TEACHER EDUCATION GRADUATES GO? PAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE AND RATIONALE OF STUDY THE NATIONAL TEACHER EDUCATION AUDITRead MoreSupply and Demand and Key Question16305 Words   |  66 Pagespreparation for an upcoming examination. Marginal costs may include lost opportunities for sleep, meals, or studying for other classes. In evaluating the discussion of marginal benefits and marginal costs, be careful to watch for sunk costs offered as a rationale for marginal decisions. . 1-5 (Key Question) Indicate whether each of the following statements applies to microeconomics or macroeconomics: a. The unemployment rate in Canada was 7.0 percent in January 2005. b. A Canadian softwareRead MoreThe Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria Economic Growth9940 Words   |  40 Pagesproduction; what was produced as well as where and how. Studies of countries in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Middle East and the rest of Asia in the late 20th century found that high levels of structural differentiation, functional specialization and autonomy of economic systems from government were likely to contribute greatly to industrial- commercial growth and prosperity. Amongst other things, relatively open trading system with zero or low duties on goods imports tended to stimulate

How to Setup and Use SSH on a Raspberry PI

SSH is a secure method of logging onto a remote computer. If your Pi is networked, then this can be a handy way of operating it from another computer or just copying files to or from it. First, you have to install the SSH service. This is done by this command: sudo apt-get install ssh After a couple of minutes, this will be complete. You can start the daemon (Unix name for a service) with this command from the terminal: sudo /etc/init.d/ssh start This init.d is used to start other daemons. For example, if you have Apache, MySQL, Samba etc. You can also stop the service with stop or restart it with restart. Have It Start at Bootup To set it up so the ssh server starts every time the Pi boots up, run this command once: sudo update-rc.d ssh defaults You can check that it worked by forcing your Pi to reboot with the reboot command: sudo reboot Then after rebooting try to connect to it using Putty or WinSCP (details below). Powering Down and Rebooting Its possible to corrupt your SD card with power offs before it halts. The result: reinstall everything. Only power down once you have fully shut down your Pi. Given its low power usage and little heat given off, you could probably leave it running 24x7. If you want to shut it down, use the shutdown command: sudo shutdown -h now Change -h to -r and it does the same as sudo reboot. Putty and WinSCP If youre accessing your Pi from the command line of a Windows/Linux or Mac PC then use Putty or the commercial (but free for private use) Tunnelier. Both are great for general browsing around your Pis folders and copying files to or from a Windows PC. Download them from these URLs: Putty Download PageWinSCP Download PageTunnelier: Powerful free to use Windows SFTP etc. Your Pi needs to be connected to your network before you use Putty or WinSCP and you need to know its IP address. On my network, my Pi is on 192.168.1.69. You can find yours by typing in /sbin/ifconfig and on the 2nd line of the output, youll see inet addr: followed by your IP address. For Putty, its easiest to download putty.exe or the zip file of all the exes and put them in a folder. When you run putty it pops up a configuration Window. Enter your IP address in the input field where it says Host Name (or IP address) and enter pi or any name there. Now click the save button then the open button at the bottom. Youll have to login into your pi but now you can use it as if you were actually there. This can be quite useful, as its far easier to cut and paste long text strings in via a putty terminal. Try running this command: ps ax That shows a list of processes running on your pi. These include ssh (the two sshd) and Samba (nmbd and smbd) and many others. PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND858 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd866 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/nmbd -D887 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/sbin/smbd -D1092 ? Ss 0:00 sshd: pi [priv] WinSCP We find it most useful to set it up in two screen mode rather than in explorer mode but its easily changed in the Preferences. Also in preferences under Integration/Applications change the path to the putty.exe so you can easily jump into putty. When you connect to the pi, it starts at your home directory which is /home/pi. Click on the two .. to view the folder above and do it once more to get to the root. You can see all of the 20 Linux folders. After youve used a terminal for a while youll see a hidden file .bash_history (not that well hidden!). This is a text file of your command history with all the commands youve used before so copy it, edit out the stuff you dont want and keep the useful commands somewhere safe.

The Diagnosis Of Schizophrenia Notoriously Requires An...

Schizophrenia involves a warped reality enveloped with misperceptions, hallucinations and delusions which in turn compromise the mental health of an individual and, if left untreated, their ability to function in society (Meuser, 2015). The diagnosis of schizophrenia notoriously requires an interview period where a professional, studies â€Å" at risk youth†, particularly their speech patterns, and detects disorganization in their verbal abilities and thought processes. A recent study written about in, The Atlantic, unveils a potentially more accurate method of diagnosing schizophrenia in addition to the age-old process of interviewing; through the utilization of technology, computers were found to detect schizophrenia in at risk youth with one hundred percent accuracy (LaFrance, 2015). Schizophrenia stands to be inherently rare, however, the illness is, â€Å"among the worlds top ten causes of long-term disability† (Meuser, 2015). The onset of the disorder takes place over a period of approximately five years and during this time, symptoms begin to appear. Schizophrenia has negative, positive, and cognitive symptoms all of which stem from a breakdown in relation between thought, emotion and behavior (Meyer). These symptoms include but are not limited to withdrawal, hallucinations and delusions; without proper treatment a person could potentially become a danger or threat to themselves and those around them, â€Å"Because of the disruptive effects of relapses on patients lives, and theShow MoreRelatedPsychology Testing Worksheet9642 Words   |  39 Pagesconvenient: psychotherapy. You can enter psychotherapy not because you have any specific disorder but simply to explore your unconscious attitudes. If you really get to some deep issues, then ultimately your MMPI-2 profile will change. And so will your interview behavior. You have to think of this, however, as an investment in a career so as to make the time and expense of psychotherapy seem worthwhile. It will take a while—anywhere from six months to a year or two of weekly sessions—and it will be expensive

Participative Management Free Essays

1. Introduction to Participative Management: Participative Management refers to as an open form of management where employees are actively involved in the organization’s decision making process. Participative Management can also be termed as ‘Industrial Democracy’, ‘Co-determination’, ‘Employee Involvement’ as well as ‘Participative Decision Making’. We will write a custom essay sample on Participative Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concept is applied by the managers who understand the importance to human intellect and seek a strong relationship with their employees. They understand that the employees are the facilitators who deal directly with the customers and satisfy their needs. Involvement of employees and other stakeholders who will be influenced by management decisions in helping to make those decisions. Participative management can increase employee commitment to an organization’s goals at the same time it offers fresh insights into how the organization can become more effective. The idea behind employee involvement at every stage of decision making is absolutely straight. Open and honest communication always produces good results both for organization as well as workers. Freedom and transparency in company’s operations take it to the next level and strengthens the basis of the organization. On the other hand, there are several companies that straightway rule out the possibility of participative decision making process. According to them, employees misuse their freedom of expression and participation in decision making as it provides higher status to employees and empowers them. However, there are many companies who have embraced this particular style of management and are now getting positive results. Toyota is the best example. The company has been following suggestion schemes and employee involvement procedures for over a decade now. The management receives almost 2,000,000 suggestions and ideas every year and around 95 percent of these are implemented by the company. Who is not aware of Toyota’s success rate? Around five thousand improvements per year have made Toyota one of the fastest growing organizations globally. The need is to develop and implement a comprehensive company policy and everything works well. Employee participation at each level of decision making process is not at all harmful if managed efficiently. The whole process can be well coordinated and controlled by the sincere and honest efforts of human resource managers. 2. Concepts of Participative Management: The traditional logic of organizing is to give simple work to employees at the bottom of the pyramid who then report through a supervisor up a hierarchical chain of command to senior executives who provide direction, coordination, and control. This does not work well for organizations managing knowledge intensive tasks. As the number and visibility of high knowledge-based organizations increases, the need for a â€Å"new logic† of management has gained currency among both academics and managers (Lawler 1996; Beer et al. 1990; Case 1998). Lawler (1996:22) summarizes some of the principles of this new logic, as shown in Table 1 Old Logic Principle| New Logic Principle| Organization is a secondary source of competitive advantage|  ¦ Organization can be the ultimate competitive advantage|  ¦ Bureaucracy is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Involvement is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Top management and technical experts should add most of the value|  ¦ All employees must add significant value|  ¦ Hierarchical processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Lateral processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around functions|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around products and customers|  ¦ Effective managers are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Effective leadership is the key to organizational effectiveness| There are five different perspectives and rationale for workers participation in organizations: A) The Managerial Approach: which is inspired by productivity and efficiency goals (participation is organized at a lower level in order to relieve worker dissatisfaction and morale problems). This approach reflects the emerging viewpoint that organizational design and management effectiveness can provide a significant competitive advantage. It gives considerable attention to issues of organizational design and organizational change, on the basis that entirely new work structures and ways of organizing work can lead to substantial gains in effectiveness (Lawler et al. 2001). A key issue in this approach is the extent to which management delegates or retains the power to initiate, frame, an d terminate participative processes. It also reflects management’s view that the direct participation of workers undermines union power. B) The Humanist Psychology Approach: which is inspired by human growth and development goals, (participation as a way to enhance the well-being of the individual by promoting individual creativity, self-esteem, and ego strength). This approach reflects a much more positive view of human nature and emphasizes the need to retrain managers to develop their participative leadership skills and unlearn authoritarian behaviors. C) The Industrial Relations Approach: which is inspired by democratic goals (participation is not only a means to an end in itself but also a way to create a strongly democratic society, characterized by active participative citizens). This approach reflects the importance of the external environment to the organization (not highly recognized in bureaucratic, hierarchical organization design, but more widely recognized in organic, open-system designs). Participation in the workplace is seen as contributing to an effective and just society. D) The Political Approach: which is inspired by revolutionary goals (participation as a means to change the overall structure of ownership to a collective base and to educate workers to class consciousness). E) The Psycho-Sociological or Anthropological Approach: which is inspired by synthetic, multidimensional goals (participation as a way of acculturation, of pushing workers to internalize the economic norms of the organization) and emphasizes the fundamental aspects of human nature and how to get the best out of workers. It emphasizes the fundamental social interactions in the workplace and the role of participation in addressing issues of resistance, motivation, and engagement. 3. Scope of Participative Management The scope of participative style of management certainly depends on the organization, its nature, functions and processes. Though associating employees at every stage of decision-making is not possible still regular exchange of information, ideas, consultations, thoughts, decisions and negotiations between employer and the employees definitely is a boon to the organization The scope of workers’ involvement in managerial decision-making may extend to social, economic and personnel decision making depending upon the requirements of the organization. But there is a difference of opinion about the extent to which employees can participate in managerial decision-making process. Should they be equal partners and make joint decisions or should workers be given opportunities through their seniors to come up with the ideas. The first school of thoughts favors the actual participation of workers while the second school of thoughts suggests the consultation of workers in managerial decision making. It is up to the management to decide which style it prefers and till what extent it requires involvement of employees. However, if we talk about the scope of workers’ participation in social, economic and personnel decision-making, it may have a direct impact on some of the most crucial activities of the organization. Employees can participate in the following decision making areas: * Social Decision-Making: It refers to employee involvement in decision making regarding hours of work, rules and regulations at workplace, welfare measures, workers’ safety, employee welfare and health. In this category, employees have a say in decisions in these areas. They may take an advantage of their liberty and sometimes, can dominate the management. * Economic/Financial Decision-Making: It includes involvement of employees on various financial or economic aspects such as the methods of manufacturing, cost cutting, automation, shut-down, mergers and acquisition and lay-offs. Inviting ideas from employees on various issues like how to cut down the operating cost can work wonders. * Personnel Decision-Making: The employees’ participation in personnel decision-making refers to their involvement in various management processes including recruitment and selection, work distribution, promotions, demotions and transfers, grievance handling, settlements, voluntary retirement schemes and so on. Participation of employees in these processes can safeguard their interests and motivate them to work hard for the betterment of self as well as the organization. Employee participation in decision-making process although is beneficial. However, there may be some limits on it to ensure that they do not take advantage of their liberty and right of participation. There are several ways through which employees can participate in the whole process. Some of them are financial participation, participation through collective bargaining, participation at the board level, participation through ownership, participation through work councils and committees and participation through suggestion schemes. Anyone of these ways or processes can be adopted by the management to ensure participation from workers. 4. Objectives of Participative Management: Participative management acts as a force to motivate employees to meet specific organizational goals. The main idea behind this style of management is not only using physical capital but also making optimum utilization of intellectual and emotional human capital. This is the process of involving people in decision making process to ensure that everyone’s psychological needs are met. It, in turn, increases the job satisfaction among employees and improves the quality of their work life. There are few main objectives to introduce participative style of management: * To Make Best Use of Human Capital: Participative management does not restrict organizations to exploit only physical capital of employees. Rather it makes the best use of human intellectual and emotional capital. It gives employees an opportunity to contribute their ideas and suggestions to improve business processes and create a better working environment. * To Meet the Psychological Needs of Employees: When employees have a say in decision making process, it gives them a psychological satisfaction. It is a simple force that drives them to improve their performance, create a proper channel of communication and find practical solutions to design better organizational processes. * To Retain the Best Talent: Participatory management is one of the most effective strategies to retain the best talent in the industry. It gives employees a sense of pride to have a say in organizational decision making process. Once they are valued by their seniors, they stick to the organization and become management’s partners in meeting specific goals and achieving success. * To Increase Industrial Productivity: In today’s competitive world, motivation, job security and high pay packages are not enough to increase industrial productivity. Leadership, flexibility, delegation of authority, industrial democracy and employee say in decision making are important to increase annual turnover of any organization. * To Maintain a Proper Flow of Communication: Two-way communication plays an important role in the success of any organization. Employee participation in decision making ensures proper flow of communication in the organization. Everyone contributes their best and tries to strengthen the organization by contributing their best to improve business processes. Participative management is beneficial to organization as well as employees. It gives employees a higher degree of enjoyment at work place that drives them to work harder. It is equally rewarding for the management as it ensures tremendous improvement in work culture within the organization as well as increase in its productivity. 5. Features of Participative Management: Employees have always been bossed around their managers and told what they are supposed to do. They never had the authority to decide things in the company. Gradually, times are changing and employees are encouraged to participate in organization’s decision making process. Management motivates them to come up with ideas and suggestions that can make organizational processes far more efficient. The main idea behind adopting participatory form of management is to work together, achieve targeted goals in minimum possible time and stay ahead of competition. Some of the features of participative management are given below: * Ethical Dimensions: Participatory management has ethical dimensions and based on morals, principles and values. In this form of management, everyone is treated equally when it comes to organizational decision making. It is based on employee empowerment, responsibility sharing and delegation of authority. Proper Channel of Communication: Participative form of management encourages two-way communication. It is not only management that decides what employees need to do but it also encourages employees to participate in decision making and give ideas and suggestions to make organizational processes better and more efficient. They are allowe d to share their problems, views, ideas and feedback with their managers. * Empowers Employees: Participative style of management gives employees a chance to participate in management processes. They are encouraged to come up with their views. This provides a higher status to employees as they also have a say in decision making. Recognition of Human Dignity: In this form of management, all employees are treated equally irrespective of their designations when it comes to giving ideas and suggestions for organizational decision making process. Employees are no more the servants of managers but are the most important assets of an organization. * Psychological Satisfaction to Employees: Most of our lives are spent at workplace. It is important for everyone to have psychological satisfaction as far as our employment is concerned. Commitment from the organization, respecting the dignity of individuals and co-determining the company policies are some of the features of participative manage ment that provide psychological satisfaction to employees. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. 6. Pre-requisites of Participative Management: Participative management can best be described as a style of decision making that ensures that involvement of stakeholders at all levels. This operates at three levels, Problem analysis, strategy formulation and final implementation of the solution. There are certain prerequisites to be met before participative management can be put to work. Participative management requires following pre-requisites: Willingness from the managers to give up some charge to the workers: Managers must share some level of their authority with the workers and they must in turn be in a position such that the successful participation of all is ensured. It cannot be successful i n any organization unless is carefully planned, timed and well thought upon. * Change in the employee’s idea: The change must come in the organization culture and certain other style of decision making to participative style. * Attitude of the top and middle management: Top management needs to approach employee involvement with a receptive and open mindset. This encourages participation. They must be open to new ideas and innovations. Since decision making is based on inputs of one and all, therefore its success also depends on the degree of participation of employees. In certain organizations despite obvious proofs, the employees decide not to participate or make contribution. In yet another organizations the employees are not skilled enough to make meaningful contributions to the final decision making process. This can be overcome by imparting the right kind of training and by the manager himself by ascertaining the individual strengths of his team members and asking for relevant contributions based upon the same. 7. Preparation for Participative Management: Participative management in itself does not ensure success and should not be seen as tool to create magic within no time. There is certain ground preparation required before an organization can decide for implementation of the management style. The following things need to be taken care of: * Clearly defined objectives: Each party mainly the management and the employees must have clearly defined objectives. Operationally there should be no clash between the objectives of the two. * Clear Communication: There should be clear and timely communication between the management and the workers or the employees. This helps in building trust between the two parties. Workers also gain a sense of responsibility increasing their stake in their work and in the organization as a whole. * Choosing the Representative: It is important for the workers to choose their representative from among themselves and not any person from outside the labor union. This is important for two reasons. First, the person is able to better understand the problems of his colleagues and report the same to the management. Second, the management is keener to talk and listen from a person who works within the organization. * Training the Workers: Training and awareness regarding the usefulness of participative management is required to make it more effective. Further training is required to ensure that every person at every level knows his what contribution he/she has to make. * Confidence: Both parties workers and the management need a trust to develop between the two. Participation should not be perceived as intimidation to the position of any. If workers think that their status will be adversely affected, they refuse to participate. Similarly, if managers suspect that they will lose their authority, they will decline to participate. * Increasing Workers Participation: Workers participation needs to be increased at each level in order to encourage them to contribute meaningfully. Further, their suggestions and recommendations need to be treated with dignity and respect. Nothing can be more motivating than seeing your recommendation being put to practice. * Ensuring ROI: Participation should not be at the cost of the values of the organization. It has to be carefully planned; employees should devote a certain time for participation and the rest upon their own specific area of work. Participative management may be a solution for each and every type of organization. It is a big challenge in big organizations with big employee size. The implementation needs to be carefully planned and implemented gradually. 8. Importance of Participation: The greatest and widely accepted benefit of participation is the increased work ownership of employee. An employee is better able to relate himself/herself with his or her work and this improves performance and efficiency at work. Concepts by John Newstrom and Keith Davis worked extensively upon the subject. They identified three variables that lead to increased performance. These variables are a part of participative management. According to them, the three variables that collectively enhance performance are: * Removing conditions of Powerlessness: This implies empowering the employees to take decisions on their own, be enterprising and take more risks. This requires a wholesome change in the entire organizational structure and culture. Then leadership becomes a crucial aspect. The choice of a leader who can inspire, motivate and delegate with equal efficacy assumes importance. The reward system needs a revamp. Psychologically empowerment connotes increased responsibilities in the mind of an employee, a hike is required. Finally, participation should result in either job enrichment or job enlargement. Job enlargement means expanding the job responsibilities – adding task elements horizontally. Job enrichment on the other hand means that the job becomes more rewarding – monetarily and otherwise. * Enhance Job Related Self Efficacy: Increase in responsibilities also demands increased efficiency at work. This is achieved by providing training helping an employee achieve job mastery. Laying down benchmarks for a certain set of responsibilities by the use of role models (those who have already accomplished tasks in similar capacities under similar workload) also benefits. * Perception of Empowerment: Employees often misunderstand the idea of participation. There may be a certain group of employees who participate aggressively and in the process their own work gets affected. These perceptions need to be taken care of otherwise they may be well the undoing of all the good work. Empowerment means more competence and value addition to work. It means that individual accepts the responsibilities with humility and fulfills them with grace and efficacy. It calls for increased use of talent. It is in wake of this that the concept of talent management is fast evolving. 9. Benefits of Participative Management: There are few benefits that have been associated with participative management and these are follows: * Innovation and increased efficiency: The problem solving process and openness to new ideas can result in innovation. Apart from this as mentioned above there is also knowledge sharing amongst the workers and the managers. This means that those who are part of a certain process at the ground level give inputs for improved efficiency of the same. This has dual implications, helping improve the quality of product and curtailing the cost of manufacture. Timeliness: There is improved communication between the managers and the workers and between workers across different units. A loophole or flaw is reported in time. * Employee satisfaction and Motivation: Empowering the employees increases their ownership or stake in their work. This increases efficiency and productivit y. Consequently there is decreased absenteeism and less employee turnover. This also works in attracting more people towards the organization and the job. * Product quality: A say in decision making means that workers can immediately pin point and suggest remedial measures for improving the efficiency of the process they are a part of. This means that quality control in product or service is exercised for the lowest level. Less supervision required: There is greater focus on management of self with due emphasis of widening one’s skill set. One of the major benefits of this is that there is a lesser need of supervision and support staff. * Better grievance handling: Increased communication paves way for reduced number of grievances and quick and effective resolution of dispute (often on the spot). * Flexibility: Flexibility is increased as a result of cross training. Increased coordination among team members also offers a comfort zone for the newly hired. Participative managem ent thus results in overall increase of the ownership of work of an employee. This empowerment can lead to increased efficiency, better productivity, improved morale and job satisfaction. But the fact the participative management requires an overall change in the organizational culture, the implementation of the same, especially when there is a bureaucratic style of decision making in place, can be a major challenge. 10. Limitations of Participative Management: Participative management is undoubtedly one of the better approaches to management. But like any other style of decision making there are certain limitations. These limitations arise either externally or internally. The following are certain limitations of participative management: * The employee’s right of not participating: An employee has the right to not participate. Certain people do not believe in the usefulness of participation and therefore opt out of the same. Some labor unions for example question the usefulness of participation reasoning that participation offers the management deep insights into the workers and they may then use it against the latter. * Manipulation: Managers may sometimes use participation to manipulate employees. This may be both conscious and subconscious. Similarly, representatives of the labor unions may also exploit the workers in the name of participation. * Workers Psychology: An existent psyche amongst the employees, that they are the workers and their primary purpose is to serve their masters (management) prevents them from participating. It is therefore of little interest to such people. General Bias: Resistance to change inside the organization as mentioned earlier is the biggest hurdle to participative management. Managers decline to share power or to delegate apprehending that they may lose authority by doing so. Workers similarly show disinterest in the participation presuming everything to be well in ord er. * Trade Unions: Trade unions are integral to the success of participative management; they may be equally detrimental to the success of the same. Most of the trade unions engage in politics and are little bothered about participation. Add to it, the approach of representatives or individuals is also not very favorable. Workers join trade unions for personal rather than organizational reasons. 11. Ways of participation of employees in decision making: Participation of workers in decision-making process has resulted in successful value creation in many organizations. Though the extent to which employees should participate in organizational decision making is still a matter of debate. Some say that workers’ union should participate with management as equal partners while some believe in restricted or bounded participation, that is, participation of employees or workers to a limited extent. However, there are a number of ways through which employees can participate in decision-making process of any organization. Participation at the Board Level: Representation of employees at the board level is known as industrial democracy. This can play an important role in protecting the interests of employees. The representative can put all the problems and issues of the employees in front of management and guide the board members to invest in employee benefit schemes. * Participation through Ownership: The other way of ensuring workers’ participation in organizational decision making is making them shareholders of the company. Inducing them to buy equity shares, advancing loans, giving financial assistance to enable them to buy equity shares are some of the ways to keep them involved in decision-making. Participation through Collective Bargaining: This refers to the participation of workers through collective agreements and by deciding and following certain rules and regulations. This is considered as an ideal way to ensure employee participation in managerial processes. * Participation through Suggestion Schemes: Encouraging your employees to come up with unique ideas can work wonders especially on matters such as cost cutting, waste management, safety measures, reward system, etc. Developing a full-fledged procedure can add value to the organizational functions and create a h ealthy environment and work culture. * Participation through Complete Control: This is called the system of self management where workers union acts as management. Through elected boards, they acquire full control of the management. In this style, workers directly deal with all aspects of management or industrial issues through their representatives. * Participation through Job Enrichment: Expanding the job content and adding additional motivators and rewards to the existing job profile is a fine way to keep workers involved in managerial decision-making. Job enrichment offers freedom to employees to exploit their wisdom and use their judgment while handling day-to-day business problems. * Participation through Quality Circles: A quality circle is a group of five to ten people who are experts in a particular work area. They meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve the problems arising in their area of operation. Anyone, from the organization, who is an expert of that articular field, can become its member. It is an ideal way to identify the problem areas and work upon them to improve working conditions of the organization. Employees can participate in organizational decision making through various processes mentioned above. However, there are other ways such as financial participation, Total Quality Management, participation through empowered teams and joint committees and councils through which they can contribute their share in making the organizations a better place to work. 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Participative Management: There exist both advantages of and disadvantages of participative management. 12. 1 Advantages: Increase in Productivity: An increased say in decision making means that there is a strong feeling of association now. The employee now assumes responsibility and takes charges. There is lesser new or delegation or supervision from the manager. Working hours may get stretched on their own without any compulsion or force from the management. All this leads to increased productivity. * Job Satisfaction: In lots or organizations that employ participative management, most of the employees are satisfied with their jobs and the level of satisfaction id very high . This is especially when people see their suggestions and recommendations being implemented or put to practice. Psychologically, this tells the individual employee that, ‘he too has a say in decision making and that he too is an integral component of the organization and not a mere worker’. * Motivation: Increased productivity and job satisfaction cannot exist unless there is a high level of motivation in the employee. The vice versa also holds true! Decentralized decision making means that everyone has a say and everyone is important. * Improved Quality: Since the inputs or feedback comes from people who are part of the processes at the lowest or execution level. This means that even the minutest details are taken care of and reported. No flaw or loophole goes unreported. Quality control is thus begins and is ensured at the lowest level. Reduced Costs: There is a lesser need of supervision and more emphasis is laid on widening of skills, self management. This and quality control means that the costs are controlled automatically. 12. 2 Disadvantages: * Costs: Participative managem ent increases cost. If workers are to take important management roles, then they must be trained on many complex issues. Many workers may feel dissatisfied, since the promises of democratic management are often not connected to results; hours are longer, debates can get fierce, and the workplace can become divided. * Time: If the very long workday is to be avoided, then council meetings would have to take place during work time. This means lost labor hours, lost productivity and endless distraction. Many managers would not want to constantly referee debates over firm issues when the council members are debating. * Union Objections: Independent labor union representatives are concerned that organizations will use employee participation or involvement programs to deter employees from using the independent union representation. â€Å"The law should continue to prohibit companies from setting up company dominated labor organizations. * Decision making slows down: Participative management stands for increased participation and when there are many people involved in decision making, the process definitely slows down. Inputs and feedback start pouring from each side. It takes time to verify the accuracy of measurements which means that decision making will be slowed down. * Security Issue: The security issue in participative management also arises from the fact that since early stages too many people have been known to lots of facts and information. This information may transform into critical information in the later stages. There is thus a greater apprehension of information being leaked out. 13. Conclusion: Participative management is an effective decision making tool. It is often the managers who implement it the wrong way. Participative management calls for a change and this change can not come overnight. You require patience and consistency before employees realize the usefulness of the management style. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. There are other problems that often arise with the managers. The problems may arise because of the following: Managers often view it as the ends and not as a tool. There is confusion if whether participative management means democratization. Managers sometimes manipulate the process for their own advantage. Finally it can be said that there are positives and negatives of participative management, but the company should allow some kind of participation from its employees in the decision making process. References: 1) http://business. yourdictionary. com/participative-management 2) http://www. academia. edu/467403/Why_should_Employees_participate_in_management_decisions_The_advantages_of_participative_management 3) http://www. ehow. com/info_8526128_disadvantages-participative-management. html 4) Lawler III. , Edward E. 1996. From the Ground Up: Six Principles for Building the New Logic Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. P. 22. 5) http://www. managementstudyguide. com/participative-management. htm How to cite Participative Management, Papers Participative Management Free Essays string(88) " have a share in the reaching of managerial decisions in the enterprise†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ \." [pic] ARCHANA KASHYAP (42) SUMEDHA SONAL(53) SHRADHA KUJUR(59) CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. We will write a custom essay sample on Participative Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now PAGE-3 2. EVOLUTION OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-5 3. DEFINITION OF PARTIPATIVE MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-7 4. CHARECTERISTICS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-9 5. NEED OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-11 6. IMPORTANCE OFEMPLOYEES PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-13 7. HURDLES IN PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. PAGE-16 8. BIBILIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PAGE-19 INTRODUCTION The meaning of the concept ‘Participative Management’ needs to be understood in the background of its historical evolution from the beginning of this century. It has been developed and improved in different forms in different countries to suit the requirements of the political system and economic structure of the countries concerned. In this chapter, the meaning of the concept of Participative Management as it is understood in recent years has been explained. It is followed by a discussion of some important definitions of the concept, as defined by the prominent experts in the field. Since the concept of Participative Management is mainly developed and being implemented in the western industrialized countries, an attempt is also made in this chapter to present the historical evolution of the concept in most of the developed countries. The experience in the socialist country, namely U. S. S. R. is also outlined briefly. The experience of some of the developing countries too, are discussed. The evolution and the development of the concept ‘Participative Management’ in India, are then analyzed. Participative (or participatory) management, otherwise known as employee involvement or participative decision making, encourages the involvement of stakeholders at all levels of an organization in the analysis of problems, development of strategies, and implementation of solutions. Employees are invited to share in the decision-making process of the firm by participating in activities such as setting goals, determining work schedules, and making suggestions. Other forms of participative management include increasing the responsibility of employees (job enrichment); forming self-managed teams, quality circles, or quality-of-work-life committees; and soliciting survey feedback. Participative management, however, involves more than allowing employees to take part in making decisions. It also involves management treating the ideas and suggestions of employees with consideration and respect. The most extensive form of participative management is direct employee ownership of a company. Four processes influence participation. These processes create employee involvement as they are pushed down to the lowest levels in an organization. The farther down these processes move, the higher the level of involvement by employees. The four processes include: 1. Information sharing, which is concerned with keeping employees informed about the economic status of the company. 2. Training, which involves raising the skill levels of employees and offering development opportunities that allow them to apply new skills to make effective decisions regarding the organization as a whole. 3. Employee decision making, which can take many forms, from determining work schedules to deciding on budgets or processes. 4. Rewards, which should be tied to suggestions and ideas as well as performance. EVOLUTION OF PARTICIPATIVE MANEGEMENT IN INDIA Participative management is a constitutional in India under article 43-A of the constitution of India. The concept of employee’s participation in management was first postulated by Mahatma Gandhi who believed than an organization is a joint enterprise of labour and capital in which both the owner and the employees have a share. Participative management in India began with the industrial Disputes Act, 1947, with the constitution of the works committee. In 1956, the Industrial Policy Committee consisting of representatives of management and employees recommended the constitution of joint consultation to ensure industrial peace and harmony between labour and capital. In 1956, the Tata Iron and Steel Company Ltd, Jamshedpur signed a comprehensive agreement with the union for setting up various joint committees towards closer association of employees with management. In 1983, a new and comprehensive programme was initiated, which was applicable to public sector undertakings. Around 100 public sector organisation implemented the scheme as per the report of the Labour Ministry (1987-88). However, the scheme as on date remains non-statutory in character and therefore the government introduced a bill in 1990 for creation of shop floor councils and establishment councils with equal number of representative from the management and employees. In 1997, TISCO at Jamshedpur set up joint councils. Joint departmental council operates at the level of every department or a combination of two or more departments. The joint works council is for the entire works and coordinates the activities of the departmental council. Worker’s participation in management was discussed in the 15th session of the Indian Labour Conference and there was a general agreement that participation should be ensured through legislation, or by general agreement between the employees and employers of selected industrial establishments. DEFINITION OF PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT It is very difficult to define ‘Participative Management’, because commentators differ in their views depending on the socio-economic goals of the countries they belong to. However it is generally agreed that the influence of Participative Management is quite significant indeed. Allport (1945) refers to, â€Å"Participation in decision-making as active (ego) involvement†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. Schultz (1951) regards, â€Å"It as a feeling of obligation to work for the best interests of a group†2. Viteies (1953) holds that, â€Å"employee participation in decision-making in a democratic atmosphere created by ‘permissive’ leadership, facilitates the development of ‘internalized’ motivation, and saves to raise the levels of the employee production and ~norale†~. According to Davis (1957), â€Å"Participation may be defined as the mental and emotional involvement of a person in a group situation which encourages him to contribute to group goals and share responsibilities in them . Tarmenbun (1966) defines participation as the â€Å"formal Involvement of members in the exercise of control, usually through decision-making in group meetingsw5 . Lamners (1967) pointed out, â€Å"participation in decision-making may be defined as the totality of such forms of upward exertion of power by subordinates in organisations as are perceived in this sense can be of two varieties i . e. , direct or indirectn6. Sawtell (1968) has described the concept as, â€Å"any or all of the process by which employees rather than managers contribute positively towards the reaching of managerial decisions which affect their work. The International Institute for Labour Studies (1971) describes participation as, â€Å"process whereby workers have a share in the reaching of managerial decisions in the enterprise†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ . You read "Participative Management" in category "Essay examples" Fox (1971) described participation as a ‘procedural orientation’ and offers the following account of possible levels of the workers Involvement: â€Å"He may seek the right simply to be informed of proposed decisions in the hope that his reactions may be taken in to account; or to protest against decision when made; or to made suggestions before they are made; or to participate jointly, directly or indirectly through representatives, with management In actually making them, or to make them in concert with his fellows and impose them on management†9. Most of the definitions cited above appear to be less explicit, they fail to mention the central theme of participation – joint decision-making by superiors and subordinates. The definitions put forth by Davis, Larmers, Viteles and Fox seem to be more appropriate in the present context. In this research work the concept participation is used according to their definitions. CHARACTERISTICS ? Ethical Dimensions:  Participatory management has ethical dimensions and based on morals, principles and values. In this form of management, every one is treated equally when it comes to organizational decision making. It is based on employee empowerment, responsibility sharing and delegation of authority. ? Proper Channel of Communication:  Participative form of management encourages two-way communication. It is not only management that decides what employees need to do but it also encourages employees to participate in decision making and give ideas and suggestions to make organizational processes better and more efficient. They are allowed to share their problems, views, ideas and feedback with their managers. ? Empowers Employees:  Participative style of management gives employees a chance to participate in management processes. They are encouraged to come up with their views. Gone are the days when employees were bossed around by their managers. Now they are to be treated like co-workers. This provides a higher status to employees as they also have a say in decision making. ? Recognition of Human Dignity:  In this form of management, all employees are treated equally irrespective of their designations when it comes to giving ideas and suggestions for organizational decision making process. Employees are no more the servants of managers but are the most important assets of an organization. Psychological Satisfaction to Employees:  Most of our lives are spent at workplace. It is important for everyone to have psychological satisfaction as far as our employment is concerned. Commitment from the organization, respecting the dignity of individuals and co-determining the company policies are some of the features of participative management that provide psychological satisfaction to employees. NEED OF PARTICIP ATIVE MANAGEMENT ? To Give Psychological Satisfaction To Workers: Participative Management is needed in order to give employees psychological satisfaction. They feel important when their views are taken into consideration. ? Cordial Labor-Management Relations: Participative management is needed in order to establish cordial labor-management relations. The participation of workers in management can act as an effective means for preventing industrial disputes. ? Creating Uniform Approach Of Employers And Workers: Participative management is needed in order to have uniform approach of employer and workers on matters important to both the parties. This avoids disputes. ? To Raise Industrial Production: Participative management is needed to raise industrial production. Employers work with enthusiasm and interest when they are given importance and a chance to express themselves. ? To Create Platform For Direct Negotiations: Participative management is needed in order to create a platform for direct negotiations and collective decisions as and when required. ? To Create Responsible Approach Among Workers: More the employees are involved in the activities of the organization, more they would feel responsible towards the organization. Participative management creates a responsible approach among employees. To Remove grievances Of Employees: Participation of employees is needed in order to remove doubts, misunderstandings and grievances in the minds of employees as regards policies and activities undertaken by the company. ? To Create a Feeling Of Involvement Among Employees: Employee participation is needed for creating a feeling of involvement among the employees. IMPORTANCE OF EMPLOYE E’S PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT The concept of participative management is very important from the employee’s and the management’s point of view. This scheme is very useful to promote industrial and human relations in industry, provided the scheme is implemented honestly and without any reservations. It may help minimising the industrial disputes because both employees and management are the partners in the welfare of the industry. ? Industrial Democracy Industrial democracy means participation of all parties concerned for management of industries. When employees participate in the management true industrial democracy is established. Their ego will be satisfied and they will contribute something positive in the interest of the industry and of the country. ? Better Understanding In a capitalist economy, employees and capitalists are two groups having different interests. Both of them doubt the integrity of each other because both are ignorant of each other’s problems and often do not bother to be acquainted with the same. ? No Resistance to Change Change is generally resisted by employees because every change is regarded by employees as a threat to stability. But, if employees are given a right to participate in the decision making bodies, they will adjust themselves to the changed environment and once the employees are taken into confidence introduction of change will be much smoother. Increase in Production Cooperation of employees results in increased production. Better understanding and good relations are the pre-requisites of higher and better production. Production and productivity cannot be increased without effective cooperation of the employees. ? Industrial Disputes Eliminated As the employees become the partners of the industry and take par t in the decision making process, they extend full cooperation to the management in carrying out the decision. They develop a sense of loyalty and better understanding. No Outside Intervention Employees become responsible for carrying out the decision and industrial relations improved hence industrial disputes become negligible. No question of outside intervention arises in case of any dispute. But in the absence of employee’s participation, even for small problems, there has to be some outside intervention and such decisions never last long. ? Use of Employees Creativity Participation offers an opportunity to intelligent employees to demonstrate their knowledge, skill, initiatives as well as creativity. Highly capable persons having talent can be easily spotted out and offered due promotion. HURDLES IN PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT Employee’s participation in India has not functioned to the satisfaction of either the employees or the employers. Despite the best intentions and evolution of the various schemes over the last four decades, Some of the reasons or factors that have contributed to the failure of the scheme are listed below. ? Unfavourable Attitude of Management One of the problem pertains to managers who have difficulty in adjusting to participation as it tends to threaten their traditional authority. As employees assume more responsibility and autonomy, there is a blurring of the distinction between the traditional view of manager’s work and an employees work. ? Lack of the Spirit of Participation Lack of spirit of participation is one of the responsible factors of the scheme. The employer looks upon bipartite bodies as substitute for trade unions, while employees regard it as their rival. ? Confusing Management Procedures The procedures do not automatically lead to participation. Rather, the existence of a number of joint bodies – the works committee, joint management council, shop council, plant councils, canteen committee, safety committee, suggestion committee etc. ? Complex Working Conditions In this world of modernization, working has become so complex that specialized employees are required for specialised work roles, making it difficult for people to participate successfully if they go far beyond their specialist. ? Group Dominance It is usually found that employees do not come together in a joint way for getting the participative scheme implemented. The basic reason is that they are divided into groups. Each group of employees tries to build-up pressure on the management in its own way for getting their vested interests served. ? Lack of Understanding Generally, there is a lack of proper understanding between employers and employees regarding the concept, purpose and benefits of the participative management. This is mainly because of dealings which relates to the interests of employees and employers on the basis of gains. ? Absence of Strong Union Absence of strong trade union or the existence of more than one trade union and inter-union rivalry has made the working of participative management somewhat difficult. Even the existence of a number of joint bodies has caused confusion and duplication of efforts as well as wastage of time and energy. ? Delay in Implementation Delay in implementing the suggestions and recommendations of these bodies has often led to the warning of employee’s interests in such bodies. Such delays cause grave damage because the employee’s resentment increases, which pollutes the atmosphere of participative management. BIBILIOGRAPHY ? 1. SITES :- ? WWW. GOOGLE. COM ? WWW. METACRAWLER. COM ? BOOKS:- ? Managing human resources and industrial relations . By Tapomoy Deb. (isbn 9788174466990) How to cite Participative Management, Essay examples